Microcomputer Services

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Buying a Personal Computer

This section arms you with a lot of the information you'll need to purchase a new personal computer or upgrade the system you currently use. We'll take a look at some general questions to get you going in the right direction, then move on to a detailed tour of the hardware that comprises a personal computing system, including recommendations. We've also included brief discussions of software and warranties. Let's begin with the three major questions you need to ask yourself before you start looking at what to buy.

Upgrade or New Purchase?

The first thing you should consider (if you haven't done so already) is whether to upgrade your current system or purchase a new system. If you've purchased a computer before, you're probably painfully aware that most systems can become dated shortly after you make your purchase.

Two good questions to ask yourself before making this decision are, "What do I want to do with a computer that I can't do now?" and "How much will it cost me to have this extra capability?" No matter how much you spend or how many components you upgrade, an old machine will always be behind the curve. Certainly, there are many possible upgrades for most computer systems, but there is always some technology being added to a new computer that is not compatible with older systems.

If, however, the features you want or the new software you need to run can be obtained with a relatively modest investment in your current machine, an upgrade may be the proper path to follow. We would recommend spending a total of no more than 20 to 30 percent of what a new system would cost on any upgrades. We've emphasized the word "total" because you may need to take into account new-system costs that are not necessarily obvious at first glance, such as the services of a professional technician to install the upgraded component. If you do not carefully consider unforeseen costs of an upgrade, you could up spending as much as you would for a new system without gaining features and power.

If you do decide to upgrade your current system, three hardware components that can significantly improve its performance are

  1. additional RAM,
  2. increased hard drive capacity through a new or additional hard drive, and
  3. a new video card.

Additional RAM
The single best bang-for-the-buck upgrade for most systems is additional RAM. Upgrading an older computer from 256Mb megabytes to 512Mb of RAM is far and away the best upgrade for the money. We would recommend always having a certified technician install new RAM into a computer. For the extra few dollars, you have a guarantee from a professional that the memory was installed correctly, in the proper memory slots, and in the correct order. Other potential "gotchas" to avoid when upgrading RAM include getting the right kind of memory for your particular computer, making sure you are buying "new" RAM instead of "reconditioned" memory, and buying the RAM in the correct configuration for your particular machine.

New Hard Drive
The second most effective upgrade to a current computer is a new or additional hard drive. Most systems sold just one to two years ago did not come with large enough hard drives for most current multimedia, desktop publishing, or "suite" packages such as Microsoft Office. Hard drives that are four to five times larger than ones sold a couple years ago can now be purchased for the same price, or even less, than what you may have paid whenyou bought your current machine. Be sure that the new hard drive you buy is suitable for your system. Many machines running older operating systems maynot be able to take full advantage of the larger sizes of today's hard drives. Once again, we would always suggest having a professional technician install a new or additional hard drive.

Video Card
The third upgrade to an existing computer that we would recommend is a new video card or additional video memory. New video cards offer faster multimedia performance for things such as full-motion video, improved desktop publishing and graphics capabilities, and enhanced image color and clarity. Upgrading a video card is often done in conjunction with the purchase of a new monitor. Don't expect to see much improvement on an old 13" VGA monitor when you add a new video card.

Each of these three upgrades can offer noticeable improvements to the performance and usefulness of your current machine. Further, each provides a relatively cost-effective means to squeeze some extra life out of an older system. If, however, you think about what you want from your machine and come up with a price tag of more than 30 percent of the cost of a new computer, we strongly recommend you consider the ultimate upgrade path: a new machine.

If you decide to purchase a new computer, the next two things you should consider are whether to purchase a desktop or portable system, and whether to look at a Macintosh or a Windows-based PC.

Desktop or Laptop?

Do you want to sit at a desk with your new computer in one place, or do you want to carry it around with you? Laptop computers are more expensive, less upgradable, and have limitations on the amount of RAM and disk you can outfit them with. They also tend to physically wear out sooner. Desktop computers, on the other hand, limit your freedom of movement, requiring a semipermanent commitment to a single location. With access to UO's network both wired and wirelessly, laptops are a popular alternative to desktops for those who are willing to accept their limitations in exchange for portability.

Mac or Windows?

Once you've decided whether to purchase a notebook or desktop computer, the next consideration is whether to buy a Macintosh or Windows-based PC. While performance and cost may be the deciding factors, it is important to note that today's software is mostly platform-independent, and files are easily moved between systems. So the decision of whether to go Mac or Windows is becoming less important than the performance specifications of the system's hardware components (RAM, CPU, etc.).

As we mentioned earlier, one factor that may provide the swing vote is which platform, if any, is recommended or mandated by your department. Other factors that may influence your decision are prior experiences you may have had with one or both platforms, whether it will run the software you need to have for departmental requirements, existing software you have that you may wish to use on your new computer, and what systems your friends or roommates have. We've included the "friends and roommates" factor here, since you might find yourself with a problem at 11pm some evening, with only those close to you to turn to for immediate assistance.

In the end, for general computer use (word processing, email and web browsing), we recommend Apple Macintosh computers. Why? Viruses and spyware are widespread on Windows, and removing this malware is frustrating and time-consuming.

The Apple MacBook, in the size of your choice, is an excellent laptop. If you are looking for a desktop, consider the iMac or the Mac Mini. The Mac Mini is a wise choice for those who already have a monitor, keyboard and mouse. The University of Oregon also has a site license for the Mac OS X operating system.

If you need to run Windows, we recommend Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 2.

Hardware Components?

For users with little desire to spend time and money upgrading in the future, pick a good quality computer in the low end of the midrange. Generally, these systems offer the good quality and power for the price without spending extra on features that will go unused.

Let's take a look at the individual hardware components that comprise a personal computing system and the support center's staff recommendations.

RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the basic working memory of your computer system. Memory is measured in bytes, so you'll often encounter the terms megabyte (MB) and gigabyte (GB) in describing RAM sizes (a megabyte is a million bytes; a gigabyte, a billion). The software you select to install determines how much RAM you'll need to have.

Most new desktop computer systems come with 256MB or 512MB of RAM. This may not be enough memory to run the operating system and multiple programs at once without severely slowing down the computer.

When you check the minimum system requirements listed on software packages, all too often they list configurations that are not adequate. For example, if Microsoft says you need 256MB RAM to run several of the programs in the Microsoft Office suite, you're likely to find you'll need at least 512MB RAM to run multiple Office programs.

We recommend a minimum of 512MB of RAM. Upgrading to 1GB or more often results in noticable speed increases for both Windows and Macintosh computers.

Before purchasing additional memory, make sure you check the maximum amount of RAM that can be added to your computer. Also, check the slots to see if you can add higher density RAM, which is less expensive and uses less slots (e.g., one 256MB DIMM costs less than two 128MBs, and requires one less slot). With older computers you may need to install RAM units in pairs.

Hard Disk
The hard disk (or hard drive) is the permanent storage area of your computer. It stores information whether the computer is on or off. The larger your hard drive, the more programs you can have sitting on your system ready to run.

Some new computer systems come bundled with hard drives that are generally not big enough to meet your growing needs. Current operating systems, such as Windows XP or MacOS, as well as application programs, such as Microsoft Office, graphics, multimedia, and other software, all require a significant amount of storage space to install (e.g., standard Microsoft Office requires close to 200MB). It's not unusual for typical application programs to require 20MB to 50MB each to install. When you add graphics and multimedia files, including movies and sound, it doesn't take long to use up several hundred megabytes of hard disk. So how much hard disk storage do you really need? Obviously, that depends on what software you install and how much (and what type of files) you save on the disk. In general, we recommend an absolute minimum of 30GB (gigabytes) with 40GB or larger preferred. Hard drive prices have dropped so dramatically in the last few years that spending a few more dollars can get you a lot more storage. We strongly recommend this.

If you're planning to buy a notebook computer, make sure it has plenty of hard disk space to satisfy your current and growing needs. If there's a choice between a smaller or larger hard drive, you should give serious consideration to buying the larger drive. Once you run out of storage space on a notebook computer, replacing your hard drive with a larger one can be a very expensive proposition. Another solution is to attach an external hard disk to your portable, although most notebook owners prefer not have to carry any additional items with them.

The CPU
The central processing unit of a computer system is the place where programs are executed. Many computer systems are identified by their CPU names (e.g. Pentium, Power PC). The "clock speed" of the CPU determines how fast programs run. In general, the faster a CPU's clock speed, the more efficient the computer runs its software.

When buying a new computer system, you should make sure that the CPU is fast enough to handle the work you are doing. If you can afford to buy a computer with 1 GHz or better clock speed, you should do so.

If you plan to run CPU-intensive applications (i.e., graphics, desktop publishing, multimedia, or large data set computations), you should get the fastest processor you can afford. You may not think you need the higher speed now, but you'll be surprised at how much more productive you'll be with it.

CPU Environmental Factors
Recent studies suggest that energy use for personal computers could be reduced by 60 to 70 percent if they could be powered down during periods of inactivity. The Environmental Protection Agency's "Energy Star" program has spurred the development of hundreds of energy efficient CPUs, monitors, printers, and fax machines.

A computer is considered energy efficient by the EPA if it uses a maximum of 30 watts of power in a low-power state and can be powered down to this energy usage within 15 to 30 minutes. This low-power state is usually referred to as the "sleep mode" a mode of operation when all unnecessary components are shut down. Nearly all notebook computers support a "sleep mode" out of necessity to prolong battery life. Many CPUs and most manufacturers of Windows machines are also beginning to incorporate this technology. In addition to saving on power, the shutting down of unnecessary components keeps the computer from generating unnecessary heat when it is in "sleep mode."

An additional power saving feature that many CPUs offer is an "auto power on/off" feature that powers your computer up and down at times you specify. Most Power Macintosh computers, for example, incorporate an autopower on/off feature or comparable techniques to achieve Energy Star compliance. We would recommend using the Macintosh auto power on/off feature with caution, however a significant "gotcha" inherent in this feature can cause unsaved data from older software programs not compatible with the feature to be lost when a computer is automatically powered down. The Macintosh auto power on/off feature is located in the Energy Saver Control Panel, and is called "Shutdown vs. Sleep." Be sure that all of your software programs are compatible with this feature. Disable it if you doubt its compatibility.

Energy efficiency and heat output are important environmental factors you should consider when purchasing a new CPU. We recommend looking for systems displaying the Energy Star logo.

CD-ROM and DVD Drives
With the size of current software packages these days, most software is now distributed on CD or DVD. Most manufacturers now offer drives that will read and write CDs (CD-RW) and read DVDs. You may want to consider a drive that will also write DVDs if you have large quanitities of data to back up or wish to produce your own DVDs.

Audio Capability
With sophisticated multimedia applications becoming increasingly popular, many microcomputer buyers are opting to buy speakers to go with their systems. Here are some tips to keep in mind if you're thinking of purchasing a set of speakers:

· If you're planning on mounting speakers onto your monitor, make sure the mounting device allows you to place them in positions where they'll provide you with the best sound quality for your application

· Make sure you buy speakers that are shielded from creating magnetic interference with your display or system. If the speakers are sold as part of a computer or sound-card bundle, they should have this shielding.

· Separate balance and bass/treble controls are a nice feature

· Speakers that have a built-in amplifier (so-called "powered speakers") deliver much higher quality sound than those without, which more or less just duplicate the sound emanating from the sound board

· Avoid audio-visual monitors that have both speakers and a microphone. This combination creates a serious audio feedback loop.

Pointing Device
By "pointing device" we mean the mouse or alternative mechanism you use to move the cursor around on your screen and to click on objects. Most new desktop computers include a mouse as part of the package. As alternative pointing devices, we recommend the Microsoft Mouse for Windows machines for everyday use, and the Logitech three-button mouse if you want extra functionality or plan to install a version of UNIX on your machine.

If you are interested in ergonomic alternatives to save your wrist or fingers, you might consider a trackball, joystick, or Wacom pen and pad.

Keyboard
Most computer systems come with a keyboard. On the Macintosh, the standard Apple keyboard is usually considered to be good enough for daily use. On certain Windows systems, however, some people object to the "squishy" feel of the standard-issue keyboards. IBM or Lexmark keyboards may provide a more positive key response.

Monitor, Printer, and Network Hardware
For a discussion of monitors, printers, and modems and other network hardware, with recommendations, see our Buyer's Guide sections on monitors, printers, modems and other network hardware.

Minor Hardware Components
There are a few other hardware components you should consider in putting together a system that will do what you want it to, as outlined below.

Universal Serial Bus (USB). USB is a mechanism for connecting the mouse, keyboard, and other input devices such as scanners and digital cameras. Think of it as a modern version of the serial ports desribed above. The number of input devices that can be connected via USB ports at one time is limited to 64 (although this requires a great deal of additional hardware).
Minimum Hardware Recommendations

Windows

RAM: 512MB minimum
Hard Drive: 40GB minimum, 60GB or more recommended
CPU: 1GHz minimum (more recommended)
CD-ROM: CD-RW/DVD-ROM (combo drive) recommended

Displays: Flat panels are highly recommended for business applications. Min 60hz refresh.
for CRT monitors: 17-inch or 19-inch or better,1024 x 768 or higher, 70 to 75 Hz min. refresh rate
CRT monitors may be preferable for gaming. A "CRT" is any non-flat panel monitor.
Printer: black & white inkjet printer minimum; color: color inkjet, black & white or color laser.
Network card: any 10/100 ethernet card
Wireless: any 802.11b or 802.11g wireless card (for laptop users) - Can be added to any notebook after a purchase.
Modem: 56k modem recommended for off-campus users using a modem.
Video Card: More "Mb" the better. 16Mb minimum, 64Mb or more recommended, laptops may have less than comparable desktops.
Operating System: Windows XP Professional (Home is acceptable for home-only use); Windows Vista Business or better

Macintosh

RAM: 512MB minimum
Hard Drive: 40GB minimum, 60 or more recommended
CPU: 1Ghz minimum
CD-ROM: CD-RW/DVD-ROM (combo drive) recommended

Displays: Flat panels are highly recommended for business applications. Min 60hz refresh.
for CRT monitors: 17-inch or 19-inch or better,1024 x 768 or higher, 70 to 75 Hz min. refresh rate
CRT monitors may be preferable for gaming. A "CRT" is any non-flat panel monitor.
Printer: black & white inkjet printer minimum; color: color inkjet, black & white or color laser.
Network card: all Macintoshes ship with ethernet built-in
Wireless: Apple's Airport or Airport Extreme wireless cards for laptops
Modem: Apple's standard internal modem is suitable

Software Considerations

In considering software packages for your computer, there are four questions you should ask yourself:

1. Will the computer have enough memory (RAM)?

2. Will there be enough hard disk storage?

3. Is the right operating system and version installed?

4. Is the CPU processing speed fast enough to run it efficiently?

In general, we recommend that you buy more computing power, storage, and capability than the software's minimum requirements call for, as listed on the container.

Operating System Software
The operating system is the software that manages the computer's basic functions and provide the interface between you and your computing hardware.

Macintosh users should run Mac OS X 10.4 or later. Windows users should run Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 2 or later.

In some cases departments within the University will have their own requirements. We encourage you to follow their recommendations.

Warranties

Be sure to check the warranty and return policy on a system and its hardware components before you make your purchase. Most computer systems are backed by a 12-month warranty, with some offering 2- to 3-year protection. Extended warranties of 4 to 5 years of on-site 24-hour protection, including parts and labor, are available through other sources.

Always ask about the policy for a specific product before purchasing it. Our staff cannot predict how you plan to use any product, and cannot guarantee that it will work for your application.

If the product fails completely within the first 30 days, it is typically replaced. (This policy varies, so it's best to ask.) However, if it just fails for your particular application, you may not be able to return it. Ultimately it is your responsibility to make sure you buy the correct product. Do a lot of homework before spending money. This guide is a good place to start.

 

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